Is delta 8 bad for your heart - It is responsible for regulating several functions of the heart, nervous system, and immune system. Once Delta 9 binds with the receptors, the ECS produces specific effects that can relieve pain, help you sleep better, stimulate your appetite, and provide other therapeutic benefits.

 
Understanding Delta-8 THC. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive compound that is found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC is the chemical variation of delta-9 THC. Even though cannabis plants possess higher levels of delta-9, delta-8 is still present. What lures unbeknownst users in is the fact that this variant is a weaker strain.. Ecology and environment

In contrast to the tachycardia and unchanged or increased blood pressure seen after single doses, prolonged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ingestion produced significant heart rate slowing and blood pressure lowering in hospitalized volunteers. Impaired circulatory responses to standing, exercise, Valsalva maneuver, and cold pressor testing ...Although no direct study implicated this, preliminary studies on animal models of heart diseases have shown that CBD can reduce blood pressure and the total number of irregular, ventricular heartbeats in people after heart attacks. Abnormal heart rhythm and hypertension are the most probable underlying causes of AFib and require medical care.Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ...It is responsible for regulating several functions of the heart, nervous system, and immune system. Once Delta 9 binds with the receptors, the ECS produces specific effects that can relieve pain, help you sleep better, stimulate your appetite, and provide other therapeutic benefits.THC-containing products stimulate the heart as well as promote vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. This may lead to elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and overall higher risk ...You’re vulnerable to experiencing mild palpitations if you smoke strains that have a high THC content, because THC can increase heart rate. This cannabinoid is actually a vasodilator, which means that it makes the blood vessels expand. In turn this will lower blood pressure and cause the heart rate to increase to make up for low pressure.Unlike CBD, which is non-psychoactive, THC (the most abundant psychoactive cannabinoid in the cannabis plant) is known to cause rapid heartbeat and heart palpitations. This especially happens to novice users, but also if the user consumes too much THC at once. This occurs because THC significantly lowers blood pressure, which causes the heart ...Apr 29, 2022 · People who use marijuana have an increased risk of heart disease and heart attack, according to a large study led by researchers at Stanford Medicine. The study also showed that the psychoactive component of the drug, known as THC, causes inflammation in endothelial cells that line the interior of blood vessels, as well as atherosclerosis in laboratory mice. Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like:. red eyes; dry mouth; rapid heart rate; trouble with coordination ; slowed reaction timesMar 10, 2021 · The Poison Center says Delta-8-THC gummies should not be confused with CBD gummies or other CBD or hemp containing products. Delta-8-THC is currently legal, but can have harmful reactions if more ... Jan 10, 2022 · 1. Folate. Insufficient folate (also referred to as folic acid or vitamin B9) can result in anemia, according to the National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Anemia, in turn, can cause heart palpitations. Other symptoms of a folate deficiency may include: Fatigue. Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it. Story Highlights: THC can increase heart rate by 20-50 beats per minute. This increase occurs in order to compensate for the reduction in blood pressure caused by THC. Low doses of THC appear to ...Jun 2, 2023 · The Potential Risks of Vaping Delta-8 for Your Heart Health. Research on the health effects of delta-8 is still in its early stages, but there are some potential risks to be aware of. One of the biggest concerns is the impact of vaping on heart health. Vaping has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, and delta-8 may exacerbate this ... People who use marijuana have an increased risk of heart disease and heart attack, according to a large study led by researchers at Stanford Medicine. The study also showed that the psychoactive component of the drug, known as THC, causes inflammation in endothelial cells that line the interior of blood vessels, as well as atherosclerosis in laboratory mice.Sep 22, 2022 · Not your grandma's weed: Why potency limits must be part of any push to legalize cannabis. The FDA has issued warnings about the “serious health risks” of delta-8, citing concerns about the ... Sep 22, 2022 · Not your grandma's weed: Why potency limits must be part of any push to legalize cannabis. The FDA has issued warnings about the “serious health risks” of delta-8, citing concerns about the ... The Latest Cannabinoid – Delta 8 THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is a naturally occurring cannabinoid in cannabis (hemp and marijuana) and is commonly abbreviated as Delta 8 THC, Δ8THC, Δ8, D8, D8 THC, and D8THC. It’s an isomer of both cannabidiol (“CBD”) and Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (“D9THC”), sharing a chemical formula of ... 2: Research suggests vaping is bad for your heart and lungs. Nicotine is the primary agent in regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and it is highly addictive. It causes you to crave a smoke and suffer withdrawal symptoms if you ignore the craving. Mar 15, 2023 · Understanding Delta-8 THC. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive compound that is found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC is the chemical variation of delta-9 THC. Even though cannabis plants possess higher levels of delta-9, delta-8 is still present. What lures unbeknownst users in is the fact that this variant is a weaker strain. May 6, 2022 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is warning the public that cannabis products containing delta-8 THC can pose serious health risks to consumers. The public notice, issued Wednesday, May 4, was prompted by adverse event reports received by the FDA and national poison control centers over a 15-month period. Products containing delta-8 THC, a ... Delta8 and heart racing and panic. Apparently it has been deemed for delta 8 to help with anxiety and panic but the side effects of d8 include fast heart rate and increase in anxiety for many so wouldn’t it be not that great for people who suffer with anxiety and panic since the side effects of it can trigger it and make it worse? This thread ... increased appetite and heart rate; memory loss; ... If you’re experiencing a bad high, try to relax and hydrate. Remember that the effects are temporary. ... et al. (1972). Delta-8- and delta-9 ...Potential Benefits. Making general statements about whether using cannabis is good or bad doesn’t paint an accurate picture of delta-8 THC or delta-9 THC, says Dave Gordon, M.D., a double-board ...I feel bad, I was just trying to say "hey, just letting you guys know that delta 8 is giving me heart palpitations so I can't use it anymore. If you're experiencing heart palpitations also, consider that delta 8 may be the cause." I understand, though. This is the delta 8 subreddit, so I accept that this is a controversial subject.Jul 7, 2021 · Delta-8 THC, however, is a compound extremely similar to delta-9 THC that is legal in places where delta-9 isn’t. Due to the legal status of Delta-8, many young people and drug users alike believe the compound isn’t addictive and is safe to use. Unfortunately, this may not be the case. Like any mood or mind-altering substance, delta-8 THC ... Delta-8 THC (or Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol) is a naturally occurring chemical compound called a cannabinoid that’s found in small traces in hemp and cannabis (marijuana) plants. Its popularity ...A report issued June 2 by the U.S. Cannabis Council, a national trade group representing state-licensed cannabis companies and legalization advocates, described the boom in unregulated delta-8...Jan 20, 2020 · Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ... Here are 7 facts about Delta 9 THC gummies: 1. Delta 9 THC Gummies Are Edible Cannabis Products. Delta 9 THC gummies are an edible form of cannabis that is made with a gelatin base. The gummies are typically infused with high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. I can second this. I take 60mg IR Dextroamphetamine a day. I have NEVER had a blood pressure/heart rate issue with D8.Please bring this up with your doctor, and ask for some EKG and Cardiovascular testing. If I drink Coffee, I do so very carefully because that can upset my circulatory system. You may have an undiagnosed heart and/or vascular ... Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it. The Effects of Delta 8 THC Gummies On the Body. The new famous variant of THC works with your mind and body, and when you feel less anxious and more clear-headed, it’s much easier to notice some of the effects of delta 8 THC. Delta 8 THC affects the body by interacting with CB2 receptors in the ECS, which exist in the peripheral nervous ...2: Research suggests vaping is bad for your heart and lungs. Nicotine is the primary agent in regular cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and it is highly addictive. It causes you to crave a smoke and suffer withdrawal symptoms if you ignore the craving. Delta8 and heart racing and panic. Apparently it has been deemed for delta 8 to help with anxiety and panic but the side effects of d8 include fast heart rate and increase in anxiety for many so wouldn’t it be not that great for people who suffer with anxiety and panic since the side effects of it can trigger it and make it worse? This thread ...With delta-8, I popped a few of those bad boys and locked into Google Docs for four straight hours. Ernest Hemingway could never. So yes, based on personal experience alone, I’d say that delta-8 ...I feel bad, I was just trying to say "hey, just letting you guys know that delta 8 is giving me heart palpitations so I can't use it anymore. If you're experiencing heart palpitations also, consider that delta 8 may be the cause." I understand, though. This is the delta 8 subreddit, so I accept that this is a controversial subject. Using marijuana every day can raise a person’s risk of coronary artery disease, or CAD, by a third compared with those who never partake, a new study found. Weed is not good for your heart ...Although no direct study implicated this, preliminary studies on animal models of heart diseases have shown that CBD can reduce blood pressure and the total number of irregular, ventricular heartbeats in people after heart attacks. Abnormal heart rhythm and hypertension are the most probable underlying causes of AFib and require medical care.Mar 10, 2021 · The Poison Center says Delta-8-THC gummies should not be confused with CBD gummies or other CBD or hemp containing products. Delta-8-THC is currently legal, but can have harmful reactions if more ... The candy in question allegedly contained Delta-8, a fairly new player in the cannabis world. Often marketed as a legal way to get high, Delta-8 is a cannabis compound that can be sold even in ...Some of the side effects associated with delta-8 include: Dry mouth. Vomiting. Trouble standing.Mouth dryness. One of the most prevalent adverse effects of smoking cannabis flower, whether Delta 8 or Delta 9, is cottonmouth or dry mouth. You will most likely feel parched as long as the Delta-8 molecule is present and active in your body. Many individuals drink a lot of water when taking Delta 8 to avoid this.Jun 9, 2021 · A report issued June 2 by the U.S. Cannabis Council, a national trade group representing state-licensed cannabis companies and legalization advocates, described the boom in unregulated delta-8... THC temporarily lowers a person’s blood pressure, which can result in lightheadedness, dizziness, and increased heartrate. In extremely rare cases, this temporary drop can cause faintness. A person is more likely to experience low blood pressure from using delta 10 if they have not eaten.THC-containing products stimulate the heart as well as promote vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. This may lead to elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and overall higher risk ...Can edibles increase heart rate? Although the exact effects of edible cannabis are not well-studied compared to inhaled cannabis smoke, some research shows that activation of the endocannabinoid receptors may be associated with increased blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. 8. However, other research shows that activation of certain ...Apr 11, 2022 · However, if you are someone with an existing heart condition, you will want to take extra precaution when experimenting with cannabis edibles. If you do begin to feel your heart racing during cannabis consumption, slow or pause your consumption , drink plenty of water, and sit in a calm quiet place if possible to regain control of your ... Heart disease increases your risk of stroke. An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. A blood vessel in the brain can also burst, causing a hemorrhagic stroke ...Because delta-8 is so similar to delta-9 THC, it produces some of the same side effects, like:. red eyes; dry mouth; rapid heart rate; trouble with coordination ; slowed reaction timesU.S. health officials are warning about the potential dangers of "delta-8 THC," a compound derived from marijuana, after seeing an increase in hospitalizations tied to the substance. On Tuesday ...Mar 15, 2023 · Understanding Delta-8 THC. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive compound that is found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC is the chemical variation of delta-9 THC. Even though cannabis plants possess higher levels of delta-9, delta-8 is still present. What lures unbeknownst users in is the fact that this variant is a weaker strain. Best. I-Dine-With-H-Tine • 1 yr. ago. It’s, “not safe,” because it’s unregulated. Most companies don’t provide testing for the batches they use. And if they do use testing it’s usually only for potency and not heavy metals or chemicals left over from the process of creating D8. The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ... Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it.Researchers found that Delta 8-THC raised heart rate and blood pressure in animals, although these effects were not observed in humans. Delta 8-THC raised heart rate in humans – but it did not raise blood pressure. Based on this analysis, researchers concluded that Delta 8-THC “acts differently according to species and experimental ...The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ... THC-containing products stimulate the heart as well as promote vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. This may lead to elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and overall higher risk ...Mar 29, 2019 · Delta 9 has a double bond on the 9th carbon in the chain, Delta 8 on the 8th. So, what this really boils down to is that a double bond is going to have more electrons than single carbon bonds and will interact differently with the endocannabinoid system. It doesn’t seem like a big difference, but when we’re talking about subatomic particles ... Jun 3, 2023 · Instead, Delta 8 keeps your mind clear and sharp with a much gentler high. Many people report feeling more productive and at ease after taking Delta 8. Delta 8 is also much slower and more subtle than Delta 9. It takes a while to kick in, so it eases you into the experience better than its more potent counterpart. Oct 12, 2020 · Delta 8-THC could stimulate your appetite. It could also protect brain cells thanks to its neuroprotective effects. Researchers also found that Delta 8-THC “exhibits a lower psychotropic potency” than Delta 9-THC. It still gets you high, but you don’t get as high as you normally would taking the same amount of THC. It is one thing if your heart is just going 130 for 30 minutes. It is a wholly different thing if you have long periods below 60 combined with sustained spikes into 130s or higher. I think delta 8 is doing something to cause this problem to manifest more often. The fix is simply to stop use totally.CBD shops here just started selling delta 8 recently, so I picked up a bag of edibles last week. The saleswoman told me how relaxing they are and that you don't get the bad effects of regular weed, blah blah blah. I decided to try my first delta 8 gummy last night, thinking they were 10 mg a piece. About 45 minutes after eating one, I started ...Sep 28, 2022 · Delta 8, delta 9, and delta 10 are different THC forms. All three chemicals can make you feel intoxicated (in other words, high). A 2022 study that looked at US-based internet search queries found ... Jul 2, 2020 · Marijuana can cause the heart to beat faster and blood pressure to rise, which can be dangerous for people with heart disease. The risk of heart attack is several times higher in the hour after smoking marijuana than it would be normally, research suggests. Other studies have found a link between marijuana use and atrial fibrillation, the most ... THC temporarily lowers a person’s blood pressure, which can result in lightheadedness, dizziness, and increased heartrate. In extremely rare cases, this temporary drop can cause faintness. A person is more likely to experience low blood pressure from using delta 10 if they have not eaten.However, if you are someone with an existing heart condition, you will want to take extra precaution when experimenting with cannabis edibles. If you do begin to feel your heart racing during cannabis consumption, slow or pause your consumption , drink plenty of water, and sit in a calm quiet place if possible to regain control of your ...Marijuana also relaxes your blood vessels, which lowers your blood pressure.Srivatsa says this can kick off a response from your heart that's bad news for AFib. When your blood pressure goes down ...Apr 26, 2023 · It is responsible for regulating several functions of the heart, nervous system, and immune system. Once Delta 9 binds with the receptors, the ECS produces specific effects that can relieve pain, help you sleep better, stimulate your appetite, and provide other therapeutic benefits. Jul 7, 2021 · Delta-8 THC, however, is a compound extremely similar to delta-9 THC that is legal in places where delta-9 isn’t. Due to the legal status of Delta-8, many young people and drug users alike believe the compound isn’t addictive and is safe to use. Unfortunately, this may not be the case. Like any mood or mind-altering substance, delta-8 THC ... I can second this. I take 60mg IR Dextroamphetamine a day. I have NEVER had a blood pressure/heart rate issue with D8.Please bring this up with your doctor, and ask for some EKG and Cardiovascular testing. If I drink Coffee, I do so very carefully because that can upset my circulatory system. You may have an undiagnosed heart and/or vascular ... Adverse events included, but were not limited to: hallucinations, vomiting, tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. National poison control centers received 2,362 exposure...Aug 2, 2022 · It’s important to keep delta-8 products out of the reach of children and pets. “Delta-8 products can cause severe side effects such as paranoia, hallucinations, vomiting (very common), tremor, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness and tachycardia,” said Dr. David Taylor, chief medical officer and emergency medicine ... I feel bad, I was just trying to say "hey, just letting you guys know that delta 8 is giving me heart palpitations so I can't use it anymore. If you're experiencing heart palpitations also, consider that delta 8 may be the cause." I understand, though. This is the delta 8 subreddit, so I accept that this is a controversial subject.The idea of caffeine as a trigger for AFib is surrounded by controversy in the medical world. Caffeine is a known stimulant that can invigorate your central nervous system and raise your heart ...Delta-8 THC (or Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol) is a naturally occurring chemical compound called a cannabinoid that’s found in small traces in hemp and cannabis (marijuana) plants. Its popularity ...Jan 5, 2023 · Findings show that delta-8 usage may actually lower BP, which is also a common effect of delta-9 THC. Therefore, regular use of delta-8 THC may be able to sustain healthier blood pressure levels if it was abnormal before the consumption. Furthermore, many users report that delta 8 helps them feel calmer, and as we have established earlier, high ... CBD shops here just started selling delta 8 recently, so I picked up a bag of edibles last week. The saleswoman told me how relaxing they are and that you don't get the bad effects of regular weed, blah blah blah. I decided to try my first delta 8 gummy last night, thinking they were 10 mg a piece. About 45 minutes after eating one, I started ...Research has shown that an active ingredient in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), effectively reduces nausea and vomiting in people undergoing chemotherapy. Pain. Marijuana use might reduce the intensity of shooting or burning pain often due to nerve damage (neuropathic pain) caused by HIV, diabetes and other conditions. Seizures.The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ...

Premium delta 8 THC is not bad for you. Delta 8 THC is a fantastic plant compound, and you can purchase yours at Delta North to try today. Clayton McCall. Clayton is a Senior Content Specialist, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. Having been in the supplement industry for more than 15 years, Clayton brings a wealth of experience .... Affordable womenpercent27s haircut near me

is delta 8 bad for your heart

Delta8 and heart racing and panic. Apparently it has been deemed for delta 8 to help with anxiety and panic but the side effects of d8 include fast heart rate and increase in anxiety for many so wouldn’t it be not that great for people who suffer with anxiety and panic since the side effects of it can trigger it and make it worse? This thread ... The bottom line. CBD is generally considered safe. But it may raise your levels of liver enzymes, which could be a sign of liver damage. In most cases, this happens with very high doses of CBD or when it’s taken with certain medications. CBD doesn’t seem to have a harmful effect on other major organs, like the kidneys or the heart.Jan 20, 2020 · Palpitations —when the heart races, pounds or skips a beat — are a common side effect of marijuana and could be dangerous for someone with an existing condition. “If you sometimes feel your ... Animal experiments with delta-8 THC show that it can cause temporary increases in blood pressure. Research shows that this is potentially due to a vasoconstrictor effect that causes arteries to narrow and contract, increasing blood pressure. The PCC states that delta-8-THC can cause harmful reactions if more than one “dose” is taken.When you use CBD oil, your liver breaks it down. During this process, it could interfere with your medications for heart failure or other heart conditions. “CBD has known interactions with ...While research on delta-8 is limited, some studies suggest that it may increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can put additional strain on the heart. This can be particularly concerning for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or those at risk for heart disease.If you vape marijuana, side effects can include: impaired coordination. impaired memory. difficulties problem-solving. nausea and vomiting. increased heart rate. dependence in the long term. There ...Potential Positive Effects of Delta 8 THC on Your Heart. There is evidence to suggest that cannabinoids, including Delta 8 THC, may have some beneficial effects on heart health. For example, some studies have found that cannabinoids can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the development of heart disease.Findings show that delta-8 usage may actually lower BP, which is also a common effect of delta-9 THC. Therefore, regular use of delta-8 THC may be able to sustain healthier blood pressure levels if it was abnormal before the consumption. Furthermore, many users report that delta 8 helps them feel calmer, and as we have established earlier, high ...A Word From Verywell. While CBD is not a cure for heart failure, it may prevent further damage thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties. CBD may be helpful in reducing blood pressure, decreasing inflammation and cholesterol, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improving these factors may reduce the risk of heart failure.Nov 29, 2021 · Here are some more tips for what to do if you get too high: 1. STAY HYDRATED. First things first: if you’re wondering what to do if you get too high, drink some water. It’s the first step to getting not-so-high. 2. KEEP CALM AND TRY TO REST. Sure, this might be easier said than done. but try to relax. U.S. health officials are warning about the potential dangers of "delta-8 THC," a compound derived from marijuana, after seeing an increase in hospitalizations tied to the substance. On Tuesday ...Mar 3, 2023 · Delta-8 is also a psychoactive compound that offers a similar euphoric high. Some studies suggest delta-8 may assist with a few medical conditions like: Anxiety. Chronic pain. Stress. Depression. Delta8 is definitely associated with reducing heart rate. Probably fine if you aren't dizzy but I'm interested in following this research. Throw00away1234 • 3 yr. ago. If it reduces heart rate than of course an increased heart rate will be a withdrawal symptom.Delta 8 is one of those strains with an interesting history: as early as 1994 researchers were doing experiments with mice using delta eight in place of traditional THC without causing psychoactive effects like paranoia or anxiety; however, it wasn’t until much later when scientists discovered why this happened and how they could replicate it. If someone ingests a large amount of delta-8, they might experience lethargy, slurred speech, changes in heart rate, uncoordinated movements, sedation, and even coma, the CDC says.The effects of the stereochemically pure psychoactive cannabinoid (-)-11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were determined in rats. In pentobarbital-anesthetized animals, the compound produced dose-related, long-lasting hypotension and bradycardia at doses between 10 and 1,000 ...Mar 14, 2017 · You’re vulnerable to experiencing mild palpitations if you smoke strains that have a high THC content, because THC can increase heart rate. This cannabinoid is actually a vasodilator, which means that it makes the blood vessels expand. In turn this will lower blood pressure and cause the heart rate to increase to make up for low pressure. .

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